The "Common Knowledge" section now includes a "Series" field. Enter the name of the series to add the book to it. Works can belong to more than one series. In some cases, as with Chronicles of Narnia , disagreements about order necessitate the creation of more than one series. Tip: If the series has an order, add a number or other descriptor in parenthesis after the series title eg. Seller Rating:. About this Item: Condition: Good. Shows some signs of wear, and may have some markings on the inside.
Seller Inventory. Kostomarov All about language programs, courses, websites and other learning resources. Russian for Everybody - V. The series seems to have been well received. She called to tell me you were on your way. Click Download or Read Online button to get russian for everybody textbook book now. This site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Now Giorgi was the leader of their troupe and the anchor of the flying four-tiered human pyramid, the highlight of their act and the feat for which they were famous.
Dozens of vases and bottles and vials of lotion and unguents and creams had been stepped on and smashed against walls and smeared on the floor, mingling with the jellylike coagulated blood.
Sure, you can learn Russian and then forget it. You can let your Russian grow rusty and full of weeds, slowly abandoning it to the sands of time. Like a beloved dog-eared book tucked into your carry-on luggage, Russian is something that, once acquired, you simply get to enjoy. Explore a new genre. The prepositional case ending for feminine nouns in - is spelled - thus the form is the same as the nominative plural for these words.
Nouns in - have the prepositional case ending spelled just as do those ending in -, -. The most usual position for an adverb is before the verb. Placing it after the verb puts special emphasis on the adverb fourth example.
But within context the placement of the adverb will depend on what is the given and what is the new in- formation in sentence fifth and sixth examples. When the words indicating the speaker come after the words quoted, the verb must come before the subject. Note that in their printed form Russian quotation marks differ from those used in English.
In handwriting the forms are similar to those in English, but are reversed in sequence, and the first pair are placed at the bottom of the line of writing:. Questions containing an interrogative word can incorporated into sen- tence as an indirect question similarly to the way it is done in English.
This stressed word is p aced at the beginning of the indi- rect question. In colloquial speech an indirect question can made simply means of in- tonation cf.
Turn direct questions into indirect questions. Would you like ciga- rettes? Here you are. Tell me , please Find out from your classmates and teacher what languages they know and how well they know them. You know how to differentiate hard and soft stems and how to add endings to them. The plural basic endings are: Masculine and Feminine -, Neuter -. You know Spelling Rules 1 and 11, which are asic to the proper selection of the written form when adding endings to stems. You know that some borrowed words which do not have recognizaie masculine or feminine Russian endings do not decline, i.
You know that Russian nouns decline change form for case , and know the following cases and their uses and the corresponding endings: Nominative case:. Accusative case: il, r-. Pronouns and Fomw of Address Personal pronouns: , , , , , , , oit. Interrogative pronouns: ,. Rememer that is used of animate nouns in all situations:-? You also know that the interrogative pronouns always require singular verb:-m ril. Rememer that possessive modifiers are often omitted when the meaning is clear from context:-Ko?
Negation You know how to use the negative particle :. You know that adverbs most frequently precede the verb they modify, but may found in other positions for special emphasis or due to context.
The Demonstrative Particle You know the demonstrative particle :- r? You know the conjunctions , , , HJJR. Word Order You know how to use proper word order: 1 putting the new information at the end particu1arly in answering questions ; 2 in questions with an interrogative word i:Jiae? Converstional Expressions. Russians answer the telephone with: CJJjwa. Russians express thanks and respond to it with:-Cacio. Russians ask for information with: , 8Ji,. Russians ask for another's opinion with:-Ka w ,?
Ask as qestios as t each of the followig seteces use , , , , ,. Rr the rles of word dynaics in Rssian. The "Going Verbs" Verbs of Motion -, - , ina. Note that Russians make distinction in manner of motion which we do not make as consistently in English. Although - refers to action under one's own power, if manner of travel is stressed or contrasted, on foot' should expressed the adverb w.
With the words which you learn in this lesson for various types of vehicles the verb of motion used of the vehicle itself is :. Here's our street. There are cars driving along and people walking along it. Here s 1There goes Nina. Both of these verbs are regular first-conjugation verbs, but both have infini- tives which are formed irregularly.
Remember that the infinitive tends to the most irregular form of the Russian verb. Who else? Location versus Direction -? This is regular verb of the second conjugation, but the infinitive has suffix new to you, The accent pattem of this verb is different, however, from that of r-i-.
In the present tense of -- the accent is on the ending in. In word lists and where the verb is presented in its basic form in an "exp1oded form", with hyphens etween the component parts tbls type of accent pattem will indi- cated in this textbook using the "grave" accent mark.
Rememer, however, that the on1y effective way to learn the accent to word is to let your ear 1eam it for you. The norma1 tendency of Russians to put the new information at the end of the sentence does not 1 to questions with an interrogative word, since the inter- rogative word norma11y comes first in the question. But in the answers to.
An exception can made in the spoken language p1acing the strongest sentence stress on the new information ear1ier in the sentence:. But in writing the student should always use the neutral word order, with the new information at the end. In similar fashion, if one were to make up questions which would call forth as an answer particu1ar senteilce, one shou1d assume that the new information is at the end of the statement: u:.
Answer the questions using the words given in parentheses. Observe proper Rus- sian word order. Supply the questions to which the following sentences represent neutral answers.
Some Russian names have more than one common familiar fomi. The following names do not have commonly used familiar forms: , , , ,.
The familiar forms of most masculine names have the endings - 1- in the nominative case. Do not pronounce the word with the accent as in the borrowed English word meaning 'head-scarf! Wait just minute. IC-5 expresses an emotional eva1uation and is used particu1arly in exclamations eginning with ii,. The tone rises gradua11y the first stressed sy11ale and remainsaove mid-level unti1 the fi- na1 accented syllale, when it falls.
The fina1 word may stressed heavily, so that the sentence has, in effect, two intonationa1 centers. In questions without an interrogative word the 1 of the intonation shift will determine the answer received. Location continuation -. The distinction which we observed in Lesson 6 between direction and location 1 1 , operates also in the grammatical system.
The preposi- tions and are used with the accusative case to indicate direction? This distinction is made not only for physical motion, but also in more abstract concepts:? Note also that the following verbs are used with expressions of direction:.
What time is it? Russia has sigle equivalet for 'to' or 'at'. As you have s, the prepositio is also used with us which refer t to place but to event or activity: , , 6. Wamig: UIOJia refers to the buildig, t to the classes that take place i it! There is extremely limited umer of cases i which must simply lear that u is used with. Such cases will idicated i word lists as follows:. But meas of trasportatio demads with the prepositioal case whe the u is used with goig verb: amime. Note that di- rectio is ivolved sice the vehicle is movig, but Mama is located the vehicle, h the prepositioal case.
Whe such us are used i sese oflocatio l, with goig verb, is used: m. Answer the questions using the words given in parentheses: -:? Just like the possessive modifiers , etc.
Russian adjectives must agree with the noun modified in gender, numer, and case. In the adjective forms which you are learning now the accent will always on the same syllale. Note that for the feminine and neuter genders and the plural numer the first vowel of the ending is the same vowel that we expect as typical of those genders and of the plural, as seen in the third-person pronouns.
Complete the sentences supplying the proper endings. Now it is two o'c1ock. After vowel sounds the particle appears in shorter variant form -.
Most Russian surnames ai'e adjectives in origin and agree with the person s to whom they refer. No, nobody is going to work. There is not anybody going to work. Words prefixed with - must accompanied the negative particle , and usually they immediately precede the negative particle.
Answer in the negative using words with the particle. Who goes where in the morning? Usually of vehicle itself one uses , but if the route is stressed one should use. Jie-Used for " class" at the university level 6 is used at lower levels or for private lessons.
With adverbs or adjectives this word means "very" But it can also used with verbs to indicate intensity of action, 'very much' or some other equivalent de- pending on the specific verb and context. Pardon me, please. Don't mention it. Prerax: An element added to the beginning of the word to modify its Iexical or grammatical meaning: - -r -.
Stem: The root with its prefixes and suffixes, but without grammatical endings: - -. Ni Monday ili Let's watch Let's play! Saturday , The broadcast begins at 1 o'clock.
The announcer ends the broadcast at 2 o'clock. The verb never occurs without the parcle -. Russian grammar is more apt to do so. One might say that, in this sense, Russian grammar is very for- malistic.
In the above English sentences there is. Remember that transitive verb must have direct object. You will need to become aware of the transitivejintransitive contrast. The direct object of , expressed an infinitive: 7.
It is Wednesday. What case is used to express the day on which something happens? Note that Russians consider Monday to the first day of the week, and that the days of the week are not capitalized. Also note the fill vowel in the preposition in oJUUI to break up the difficult consonant cluster that would otherwise oc- cur. The usual position for the accusative pronouns is efore the verb which is in keeping with the general tendency of Russian word order, since pronouns, being noun replacers, normally refer to the known rather than the unknown part of the sentence :.
But they may found in other posi- tions, depending on context and intonation or for greater emphasis. I Russian very ofte occurs with , even if there is 'already' i the Eglish setence. Although is now hard, it is the resuJt of historical process of palatalization which is t uique to Russia.
Note also the same process in rapid speech: Did eat yet? The verb always refers to repeated actions, it canot refer to sigle action in process. Refer to Lesso 6 if you do not remember how to say Here s Some Russian adjectives are used in short form, which has noun-type endings, rather than the longer endings which you 1eamed for adjectives in Lesso 7.
When used with short-form adjectives must plural, while long-form ad- jectives used with this pronoun agree with the actual person s referred to in gender and number: , i!
Anton Nikolaevich comes to play chess. English also uses the infinitive after the verb 'to wat' and after going verbs, but after the verbs 'to begi', 'to fiish ', etc. Also, in contemporary Russian only the first word of most titles is capital- ized except for proper names in the title : ,! If whole sentence consists of new information, the subject will nn at the end of the sentence.
Many of the major players in the history of the game have been Russians. Instead one uses the preposition with the accusative case. Good evening! Let's go. Also rememer to read prep- ositions together with the folloWing nouns. Non-final syntagmas which express complete thought are normally pronounced with IC Non-final syntagmas which do not express complete thought are most often pronounced with IC Who has book?
The nonnal way of exp. If the stress is some- thing other than existence, such as the quality of something already known to exist, the fonn is not used.
Therefore is not used. Com- pare also: -? The letter Here word order is used to express the definite 1indefinite contrast. Using this construction can help to make your Russian speech sound more natural, less bookish. This construction cannot used in equational sentences, such as. The Puctuatio of lex ts. Rememer that i Russia suordiate clauses must always separated from main clauses commas.
This is true v when the subordiate clause comes first, as i the secod examp1e above. The uchagig form is used i requestig or givig idetificatio or defiitio: - - "What's this?
Sice these are replacer proous, stadig i place of u, they are t used if the u itself is present i the st. Here is used. In order for an English sentence to complete, it must have some word in the posi- tion of subject, and if there is no subject we put an "empty it" in its place. Russian sentences can complete without any word in this position.
Now it is two o'clock. Polite ,. You are already familiarwith number ofimperatives commands or requests in either the familiar or polite form, and you have probaly realized that it is simple matter to make one form from the other the addition or removal of the ending -. This is the same - found at the end of the second-person plural verb form. Familiar Polite , etc. The accent of the imperative is on the same syllale as that of the first-person singular form.
Instead of repeating modifier in order to make it agree with more than one noun, it is preferale in conversational Russian to use the modifier just once in the plural. Rememer that is used with mutually exclusive items, when the items are not mutually exclusive. The above examples from this lesson should help you to get feeling for the use of these conjunctions. Rememer that if word eginning with the letter follows without pause word ending in hard consonant, this vowel is pronounced as.
Also review reading rules,. Even when read as two syntagmas, declarative sentences differ from questions consisting of the same words, since the questions are spoken as one syntagma. The present tense in Russian changes form for person and number. The past tense, however, changes only to agree with number, and, in the singular, with the gender ofthe subject.
The past-tense ending is -, which is added to the basic form. What is Tan i here dir. As was the case in the formation of infinitives, consonant must removed be- fore the - is added. It does, however, have explicit forms in the past tense: , , ,. Many verbs which have one-syllale stems shift the accent to the feminine ending in the past tense: , 2ICIIJia. If the verb is negated in the past tense, the accent will on the negative particle except in the feminine form: , , ,.
When the subject is or the gender depends on the person speaking or being spoken to. With the verb is plural at all times. With masculine nouns such as , ui, the past tense form is mas- culine:. Masculine animate nouns with zero ending in the nominative have the asic end- ing - spelled - 1- in the accusative case. Feminine nouns have the same accu- sative endings - spelled - 1- for both animate and inanimate nouns.
Feminine nouns in - have the same form in the accusative as in the nominative. The relative adjective must agree with the noun modified in gender and numer. But since it has its own function in the adjective clause, it11eed not agree with the noun in case. In the first four examples both the noun and the relative ad- jectives are subjects of their own clauses.
Why, in the second set of examples, is the relative adjective in different case than is the noun it refers to? Note that occurs only as an interrogative pronoun, not as the relative pro- noun 'who'. Note that -- is second-conjugation verb.
Insert the verbs -- or -- in the correct for. I the case f the last cosonat of the stem is soft d must kept soft writig the ap- propriate soft vowelletters wheever edigs are added.
There are relatively few adjectives of this type. What kid of ewspapers are there at - the ewsstad? Note that this 'there' is not adverb of place, but is "empty" word, similar to the "empty it" Therefore it has equiva1et i the Russia st.
Note that there are umber of equivalets of 'There is f are Poitig out somethig:. There's our street. Empty phrase used with verb form i '-ing':. There's an interesting program starting now. Expressig existece:? What newspa- pers are there at the newsstand today? The most commo adjective-formig suffixes are -- d -- -- - -- -- News - Note that this is neuter plural form. But the word comi nation refers to young male the counterpart of. As in English, the plural of has different rt-.
N2 7,. N2 10, ,. Note capitalization: The current practice is to capitalize only the first word in most titles and names other than personal names, of course : ,.
Place names or personal names occurring within titles are, of course, capi- talized:. NOUDS ou now know the accusative case of animate nouns in the singular: r. Mawy Biluo.
The fol- lowing nouns are used only in the plural: tr, , ww. The noun is neuter. The noun 8 is an adjective in form. You know the familiar forms of many names: , -. Surnames change form to agree with the person s referred to: , ,. You know the accusative case of personal and interrogative proilouns and the forms of pronouns used with the preposition : Nominative Accusative With Genitive Jl , ero r.
You know various equivalents of the English 'it': The unchanging pronoun :-? The replacer pronouns , , 6, ii:-? The "empty it" has no equivalent in the Russian sentence: l 8 Modifiers You know the nominative case endings, singular and plural, for adjectives. Rememer the importance of the spelling rules, particularly when adding adjective endings.
You are acquainted with the relative adjective i, which is used in complex sentences: , N! You know the short-form adjective : ,. You are acquainted with the use of plural modifier with two or more singular nouns: oil.
Verbs with accent shift in the present tense: ,. You know the use ofthe "going verbs" -, -: ,. Rememer that -- cannot used of motion in pro- gress; instead we say ir 1. You know that an action which egan in the past and continues into the present is expressed in the present tense: u. You know how to change familiar commands into polite, and vice versa: JI, acucil,?
Used to Express Possession and as the Equivalent of there is 1there are 1. In sentences whose English equivalents egin with the "empty" construction 'there is 1there are' used with verb form in '-ing':. Directional Constructions vs. Days of the week and telling on what day something happens 1happened: cyf! Word Order In neutral statements, particularly in written form, the new information is put at the end of the sentence: -? In questions without an interrogative word the location of the intonation shift JC-3 will indicate the answer required: 3 -?
Complex Sentences ou know the complex sentence structures: ,. Conversational Expressions. When Russians are in agreement with someone, they. Russians express disagreement with:. Russians accept an invitation:. Russians express regret:. Russians greet people and take leave: ;. Russians apologize and respond to an apology:-!
Russians identify themselves the telephone:- j. After you have mastered the sounds and intonation patterns of the lesson, practice reading the fol- lowing exercise.
Check what you have learned from Grammar Lessons with this 10 minute quiz. News - Note that this is neuter plural form. Words and Pictures Games. This text will last you for years, as you progress through the stages of learning Russian. In this exercise strive for vigor and avoid diphthongization in the accented vowe1s. An exception to the general rule aout the quality of unstressed and occurs when these are the very first letter of word.
Note that -- is second-conjugation verb. The Past Tense. Some words are immediately recognizale as orrowings, such as. Check what you have learned from Grammar Lessons with this 15 minute quiz. But they may found in other posi- tions, depending on context and intonation or for greater emphasis. Likewise, Youtube enjoys Do not let your- self tricked into reading pause wherever Russian has comma-many of them are purely formal device which does not correspond to actual speech.
Have you read any good Russian books lately? Or are you still having trouble getting through that hefty volume of Dostoevsky? That short story by Chekhov? Is Pelevin just not making any sense? Do need help getting started with reading altogether? Some words are immediately recognizale as orrowings, such as. Check what you have learned from Grammar Lessons with this 15 minute quiz. But they may found in other posi- tions, depending on context and intonation or for greater emphasis.
Likewise, Youtube enjoys Do not let your- self tricked into reading pause wherever Russian has comma-many of them are purely formal device which does not correspond to actual speech. Have you read any good Russian books lately? Or are you still having trouble getting through that hefty volume of Dostoevsky? That short story by Chekhov? Is Pelevin just not making any sense? Do need help getting started with reading altogether? But, wait. Nope, not necessarily!
But remem- er that in the noun endings for the prepositional case singular there is no hardfsoft choice: - i'. Write a full line of each capital and lower-case. The conjunction is like plus sign, joining things which have something in common.
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